Proof (firearms)

A proof test is a form of stress test to demonstrate the fitness of a load-bearing structure, or rescue strop. An individual proof test may apply only to the unit tested, or to its design in general for mass-produced items. Such a structure is often subjected to loads above that expected in actual use, demonstrating safety and design margin. Proof testing is nominally a nondestructive test, particularly if both design margins and test levels are well-chosen. However, unit failures are by definition considered to have been destroyed for their originally-intended use and load levels.

Proof tests may be performed before a new design or unit is allowed to enter service, or perform additional uses, or to verify that an existing unit is still functional as intended.

Cranes and derricks are proof tested when called on for potentially dangerous load levels or high-valued cargoes. Similarly, items which are smaller and more common (rope and cable, slings, shackles and eyes) are nevertheless in the load path and a failure risk if not tested. Testing generally involves lifting weight or drawing tension equal to or greater than design levels.

An overspeed proof test involves physically running the machine at high speed up to the test speed. This may be done during manufacture as an initial proof test. Physical overspeed tests may be periodically undertaken on some machines to verify operation of the overspeed protection systems.

Operation at speeds above the normal operating speed can greatly increase stress levels in rotating parts. Failing flywheels, rotors, etc. may present a shrapnel risk in case of a failure.

Historically, swords would be proof tested by impact before issuance- the "British test".

Vessels which may be a failure risk, such as utility-scale water towers, chemical-handling equipment, or very-high-pressure storage tanks, may be proof tested. Rocket stage tankage, being high-valued and often the vehicle's primary structure, are proof-tested when redesigned, and may be tested at the unit level. Testing involves exposure to higher gauge pressures than design levels, or in some cases, pulling harder vacuum.

A firearm's chamber and barrel become pressure vessels for brief periods. In firearm terminology, a proof test is a test wherein a deliberately over-pressured round is fired from a firearm in order to verify that the firearm is not defective and will not explode on firing. The firearm is inspected after the test, and if it is found to be in sound condition, then it is marked with a "proof mark" to indicate that it has been proofed (not proven). In many jurisdictions a proof test and valid proof mark are required for the sale of firearms.

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