She was born Princess Elisabeth Marie Frederica Amelia Agnes in Wörlitz, the third child of Friedrich I, Duke of Anhalt and Princess Antoinette of Saxe-Altenburg. Her nickname in the family was "Elly".

On April 17, 1877 Elisabeth became the Hereditary Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz when she married the then Hereditary Grand Duke, Adolf Friedrich in Dessau.

Elisabeth and Adolf Friedrich had four children:

Following the death of her father-in-law on the 30 May 1904, she became the Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz following her husband's ascension to the throne.

Adolf Friederich died in 1914, making Elisabeth the Dowager Duchess.

After the death of her eldest son, Grand Duke Adolf Frederick, in 1918 she inherited the 'hunting castle' of Prilvitz.

She died in Neustrelitz on 20 July 1933.

When she died, her castle of Prilvitz was inherited by her surviving children, which were her two adult daughters. Only Marie, elder of these, has progeny to the present day (such as, a sideline of princes zur Lippe)

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