Pressurized heavy-water reactor

A pressurized heavy-water reactor (PHWR) is a nuclear reactor, commonly using unenriched natural uranium as its fuel, that uses heavy water (deuterium oxide D₂O) as its coolant and neutron moderator. The heavy water coolant is kept under pressure, allowing it to be heated to higher temperatures without boiling, much as in a pressurized water reactor. While heavy water is significantly more expensive than ordinary light water, it creates greatly enhanced neutron economy, allowing the reactor to operate without fuel-enrichment facilities (offsetting the additional expense of the heavy water) and enhancing the ability of the reactor to make use of alternate fuel cycles.

The key to maintaining a nuclear reaction within a nuclear reactor is to use the neutrons released during fission to stimulate fission in other nuclei. With careful control over the geometry and reaction rates, this can lead to a self-sustaining chain reaction, a state known as "criticality".

Natural uranium consists of a mixture of various isotopes, primarily ²³⁸U and a much smaller amount (about 0.72% by weight) of ²³⁵U.²³⁸U can only be fissioned by neutrons that are relatively energetic, about 1 MeV or above. No amount of ²³⁸U can be made "critical" since it will tend to parasitically absorb more neutrons than it releases by the fission process. ²³⁵U, on the other hand, can support a self-sustained chain reaction, but due to the low natural abundance of ²³⁵U, natural uranium cannot achieve criticality by itself.

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