Potentially Hazardous Asteroid

A potentially hazardous object (PHO) is a near-Earth asteroid or comet with an orbit such that it has the potential to make close approaches to the Earth and is of a size large enough to cause significant regional damage in the event of impact. A potentially hazardous object can be known not to be a threat to Earth for the next 100 years or more, if its orbit is reasonably well determined and keeps it away from Earth. Potentially hazardous asteroids with some threat of impacting Earth in the next 100 years are listed on the Sentry Risk Table.

As of January 2016^[update] there are 1,651 known potentially hazardous asteroids (PHAs) and only 205 have an observation arc shorter than 30 days. Of the 1,651 known PHAs, 153 are believed to be larger than one kilometer in diameter. A calculated diameter is only a rough estimate, as it is inferred from the object's varying brightness—observed and measured at various times—and the assumed, yet unknown reflectivity of its surface (albedo). Most of the discovered PHAs are Apollo asteroids (1,402) and fewer belong to the group of Aten asteroids (149).

After several astronomical surveys motivated by their search, the number of known PHAs has increased tenfold since the end of the 1990s (see bar charts below). These surveys have led to a total number of 12,933 discovered near-Earth Objects. Most of them are asteroids, with just some 85 near-Earth comets (NECs). The Minor Planet Center's website Unusual Minor Planets also publishes detailed statistics for these objects.

An object is considered a PHO if its minimum orbit intersection distance (MOID) with respect to Earth is less than 0.05 AU (7,500,000 km; 4,600,000 mi)—approximately 19.5 lunar distances—and its diameter is at least 100 to 150 meters (330 to 490 ft)—corresponding to absolute magnitude H < 22. This is big enough to cause regional devastation to human settlements unprecedented in human history in the case of a land impact, or a major tsunami in the case of an ocean impact. Such impact events occur on average around once per 10,000 years. NEOWISE data estimates that there are 4,700 ± 1,500 potentially hazardous asteroids with a diameter greater than 100 meters. As of 2012, an estimated 20 to 30 percent of these objects have been found. Asteroids larger than 35 meters across can pose a threat to a town or city.

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