Phanerochaete salmonicolor
| Phanerochaete salmonicolor | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Phylum: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Basidiomycetes |
| Subclass: | Agaricomycetidae |
| Order: | Polyporales |
| Family: | Corticiaceae |
| Genus: | Phanerochaete |
| Species: | P. salmonicolor |
| Binomial name | |
|
Phanerochaete salmonicolor (Berk. & Broome) Jülich, (1975) |
|
| Synonyms | |
|
Aleurodiscus javanicus |
|
Aleurodiscus javanicus
Botryobasidium salmonicolor
Corticium javanicum
Corticium salmonicolor
Corticium zimmermannii
Erythricium salmonicolor
Necator decretus
Pellicularia salmonicolor
Terana salmonicolor
Phanerochaete salmonicolor is a fungal plant pathogen disease which has become a serious problem, especially in Brazil.P. salmonicolor is a member of the Corticiaceae family, which is a paraphyletic group classified based on their basidiocarps. This pathogen causes Pink Disease, most commonly in citrus, although P. salmonicolor has a wide host range including rubber and cacao trees. Pink Disease causes branch and stem die-back due to canker formation. The cankers are recognizable by gum exudation and longitudinal splitting of the bark.
Phanerochaete salmonicolor has a very broad host range. The host plants of greatest importance include rubber, tea, coffee, cocoa, grapefruit, orange, nutmeg, mango, apple, coca, and kola. Pink Disease can cause heavy losses including individual branch death to the loss of the whole tree in cases where the main stem or several branches are affected. P. salmonicolor causes girdling cankers which prevent the normal function of some physiological processes, eventually leading to defoliation and die-back of outer branches. Symptoms include cobwebby, pink to salmon encrustation, creamy pustules and orange fruiting bodies. On rubber trees, initial stages of infection appear as drops of latex and silky-white mycelial growth on the bark surface. In pepper plants, sterile pink to white pustules approximately 1 mm in diameter appear on young green stems. In citrus trees, sterile pustules may appear first, and in some cases the trees may have oozing sap or gum. In cacao trees, first symptoms of infection usually present as a sparse white mycelium on the bark surface, which can be easily overlooked. Trees are most susceptible in areas with high levels of rainfall, such as tropical rainforests. Diagnosis of Pink Disease is typically achieved through the use of light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy to observe sporulation of the pathogen.
Management of P. salmonicolor and Pink Disease can be very difficult given its wide host range, making cross-infection a concern. Cultural control can be implemented by pruning frequently and burning any infected branches removed. This is effective when the disease can be recognized in the earliest stages, but it is most effective when performed concurrently with fungicide application. The encrustation and conidial pustules are able to remain functional for a period of time after the infected branches have been removed from the tree. Fungicide use varies among countries affected by the disease. In India, pre- and post-monsoon application of fungicides directly on the trunk and branches of cocoa or rubber trees effectively prevented the disease, while application of a sulphur-lime slurry to tea shrubs worked best in Kalimantan in Borneo, and Validamycin A was found to be the most effective means of control on rubber trees in Vietnam. The use of fungicides prevents the basidiospores from germinating and causing infection.
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Wikipedia