One carbon pool by folate

Folic acid

Clinical data
Pronunciation	foe' lik
Synonyms	FA, N-(4-{[(2-amino-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl]amino}benzoyl)-L-glutamic acid, pteroyl-L-glutamic acid, vitamin B9, vitamin Bc, vitamin M, folacin, pteroyl-L-glutamate
AHFS/Drugs.com	Monograph
MedlinePlus	a682591
Pregnancy category	US: A (No risk in human studies)
Routes of administration	By mouth, IM, IV, sub-Q
ATC code	B03BB01 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal status	US: OTC
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	50–100%
Metabolism	Liver
Excretion	Urine
Identifiers
IUPAC name (2S)-2-[[4-[(2-Amino-4-oxo-1H-pteridin-6-yl)methylamino]benzoyl]amino]pentanedioic acid
CAS Number	59-30-3
PubChem CID	6037
IUPHAR/BPS	4563
DrugBank	DB00158 Y
ChemSpider	5815
UNII	935E97BOY8
KEGG	C00504
ChEBI	CHEBI:27470
ChEMBL	CHEMBL1622
ECHA InfoCard	100.000.381
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C19H19N7O6
Molar mass	441.40 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
Melting point	250 °C (482 °F) (decomposition)
Solubility in water	1.6 mg/L (25 °C) mg/mL (20 °C)
SMILES n1c2C(=O)NC(N)=Nc2ncc1CNc3ccc(cc3)C(=O)N[C@H](C(O)=O)CCC(O)=O
InChI InChI=1S/C19H19N7O6/c20-19-25-15-14(17(30)26-19)23-11(8-22-15)7-21-10-3-1-9(2-4-10)16(29)24-12(18(31)32)5-6-13(27)28/h1-4,8,12,21H,5-7H2,(H,24,29)(H,27,28)(H,31,32)(H3,20,22,25,26,30)/t12-/m0/s1 Key:OVBPIULPVIDEAO-LBPRGKRZSA-N

Folate, forms of which are known as folic acid and vitamin B9, is one of the B vitamins. The recommended daily intake of folate in the US is 400 micrograms from foods or dietary supplements. Folate in the form of folic acid is used to treat anemia caused by folic acid deficiency. Folic acid is also used as a supplement by women during pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects in the baby. Low levels in early pregnancy are believed to be the cause of more than half of babies born with neural tube defects. More than 50 countries use fortification of certain foods with folic acid as a measure to decrease the rate of NTDs in the population. Long term supplementation is also associated with small reductions in the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease. It may be taken by mouth or by injection.

There are no common side effects. It is not known whether high doses over a long period of time are of concern. There are concerns that large amounts of folic acid might hide vitamin B12 deficiency. Folic acid is essential for the body to make DNA, RNA, and metabolise amino acids which are required for cell division. As humans cannot make folic acid, it is required from the diet, making it an essential vitamin.

Not consuming enough folate can lead to folate deficiency. This may result in a type of anemia in which low numbers of large red blood cells occur. Symptoms may include feeling tired, heart palpitations, shortness of breath, open sores on the tongue and changes in the color of the skin or hair. Folate deficiency in children may develop within a month of poor dietary intake. In adults normal total body folate is between 10,000–30,000 micrograms (µg) with blood levels of greater than 7 nmol/L (3 ng/mL).