Objectification

In social philosophy, objectification is the act of treating a person, or sometimes an animal, as an object or a thing.

According to the philosopher Martha Nussbaum, a person is objectified if one or more of the following properties are applied to them:

Nussbaum has argued that the topic of objectification is not only important to sexuality, which has been discussed at length, but to the Marxist view on capitalism and slavery. Nussbaum argues that potentially not all forms of objectification are inherently negative acts and that objectification may not always be present when one of the seven properties is present.

Rae Helen Langton, in Sexual Solipsism: Philosophical Essays on Pornography and Objectification, proposed three more properties to be added to Nussbaum's list:

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