Nyangga language
| Yukulta | |
|---|---|
| Ganggalida | |
| Region | Queensland |
|
Native speakers
|
1 full speaker (2007) 0 speakers (2004) |
|
Macro-Pama–Nyungan
|
|
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Either: gcd – Ganggalida nny – Nyangga/Yangkaal (two different languages) |
| Glottolog |
gang1267 (Ganggalida)nyan1300 (Nyangga)
|
| AIATSIS |
G34 Ganggalida, G19 Nguburindi |
Yukulta (Yugulda, Yokula, Yukala, Jugula, Jakula), also known as Ganggalida (Kangkalita), is an extinct Tangkic language spoken in Queensland and Northern Territory, Australia.
Yukulta is a member of the Tangkic language group, along with Kayardild, Lardil and Yanggal. Of these languages, Yukulta, Kayardild, and Yanggal are mutually intelligible.
It is not clear if the two rhotics are trill and flap, or flap and approximant.
Yukulta has three vowels, each with a long and short variant: a, i, and u.
There are many different rules governing what happens to each Yukulta phoneme in any given environment, so most morphemes have at least two allomorphs.
All Yukulta nouns and adjectives consist of a root and an inflectional ending. Nouns and the adjectives that go along with them have to agree in their endings. Yukulta nominals can take five case-endings: absolutive, ergative/locative, dative, ablative and allative. As in Kayardild, each morphological ending can be realized as various allomorphs, depending on the phonological environment. There can be many versions of any given morpheme. The absolutive marker, for instance, can be realized as any of eight allomorphs.
In addition to the inflectional endings that Yukulta nominals can take, there are a few important derivational affixes that occur between the root and the inflectional ending. Like the inflectional endings, each has a few different allomorphs.
A Yukulta free pronoun consists of a root, case suffix, and possibly an inclusivity marker and/or a marker to distinguish between dual and plural (singular and exclusive are unmarked characteristics). Free pronouns have a different case-system than nominals, with intransitive and transitive subjects and transitive objects taking the nominative ending, semi-transitive objects taking the objective ending, as well as benefactive, locative, allative and ablative endings.
Yukulta also has another sort of pronoun—bound pronouns—which occur as part of the clitic complex. Unlike free pronouns, bound pronouns do not consist of a stem and inflectional endings—each case form is separate. The form depends on a number of considerations, including the number of the subject of a verb, and the number, person, and exclusivity of the subject.
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