Nikolai Leonidovich Meshcheryakov (Николай Леонидович Мещеряков; 1865–1942) was head of the State Publishing House in Russia in the 1920s.
Meshcheryakov's political career started off in Narodnya Volya where he learnt conspiratorial techniques, before becoming aligned with Russian Social Democracy He was an old Sunday School friend of Nadya Krupskaya and introduced her to Social democracy and passed on his knowledge of illegal work. He spent some time in exile in Liege, Belgium.
In 1924 he joined Otto Schmidt in the group drawing up the outline of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.