Nickel(II) hydroxide
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| Names | |
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IUPAC name
Nickel(II) hydroxide
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| Other names
Nickel hydroxide, Theophrastite
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| Identifiers | |
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3D model (Jmol)
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| ChemSpider | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.031.813 |
| EC Number | 235-008-5 |
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PubChem CID
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| RTECS number | QR648000 |
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| Properties | |
| Ni(OH)2 | |
| Molar mass | 92.724 g/mol (anhydrous) 110.72 g/mol (monohydrate) |
| Appearance | green crystals |
| Density | 4.10 g/cm3 |
| Melting point | 230 °C (446 °F; 503 K) (anhydrous, decomposes) |
| 0.13 g/L | |
| +4500.0·10−6 cm3/mol | |
| Structure | |
| hexagonal, hP3 | |
| P3m1, No. 164 | |
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a = 0.3117 nm, b = 0.3117 nm, c = 0.4595 nm
α = 90°, β = 90°, γ = 120°
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| Thermochemistry | |
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Std molar
entropy (S |
79 J·mol−1·K−1 |
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Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfH |
−538 kJ·mol−1 |
| Hazards | |
| Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): | |
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LD50 (median dose)
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1515 mg/kg (oral, rat) |
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Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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 (what is   ?) |
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| Infobox references | |
Nickel(II) hydroxide is the inorganic compound with the formula Ni(OH)2. It is an apple-green solid that dissolves with decomposition in ammonia and amines and is attacked by acids. It is electroactive, being converted to the Ni(III) oxy-hydroxide, leading to widespread applications in rechargeable battery.
Nickel(II) hydroxide has two well-characterized polymorphs, α and β. The α structure consists of Ni(OH)2 layers with intercalated anions or water. The β form adopts a hexagonal close-packed structure of Ni2+ and OH− ions. In the presence of water, the α polymorph typically recrystallizes to the β form. In addition to the α and β polymorphs, several γ nickel hydroxides have been described, distinguished by crystal structures with much larger inter-sheet distances.
The mineral form of Ni(OH)2, theophrastite, was first identified in the Vermion region of northern Greece, in 1980. It is found naturally as a translucent emerald-green crystal formed in thin sheets near the boundaries of idocrase or chlorite crystals. A nickel-magnesium variant of the mineral, (Ni,Mg)(OH)2 had been previously discovered at Hagdale on the island of Unst in Scotland.
Nickel (II) hydroxide is frequently used in electrical car batteries. Specifically, Ni(OH)2 readily oxidizes to nickel oxyhydroxide, NiOOH, in combination with a reduction reaction, often of a metal hydride (reaction 1 and 2).
Reaction 1 Ni(OH)2 + OH− → NiO(OH) + H2O + e−
Reaction 2 M + H2O + e− → MH + OH−
Net Reaction (in H2O) Ni(OH)2 + M → NiOOH + MH
Of the two polymorphs, α-Ni(OH)2 has a higher theoretical capacity and thus is generally considered to be preferable in electrochemical applications. However, it transforms to β-Ni(OH)2 in alkaline solutions, leading to many investigations into the possibility of stabilized α-Ni(OH)2 electrodes for industrial applications.
The synthesis entails treating aqueous solutions of nickel(II) salts with potassium hydroxide.
The Ni2+ ion is a known carcinogen. Toxicity and related safety concerns have driven research into increasing the energy density of Ni(OH)2 electrodes, such as the addition of calcium or cobalt hydroxides.
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