Neurovascular bundle

A neurovascular bundle (neuro: nerve, vascular: veins, lymph vessels, and arteries) is a term applied to the body's nerves, arteries, veins, and lymphatics that tend to travel together.

There are two types of neurovascular bundles: superficial neurovascular bundles and deep neurovascular bundles. As arteries do not travel within the superficial fascia (loose connective tissue under the skin), superficial neurovascular bundles differ from deep neurovascular bundles in both composition and function.

A superficial neurovascular bundle, without arteries in it, is mostly made up of capillaries running through different body tissues. Because capillaries function as the sites for material exchange between interstitial fluid and blood, they tend to have large surface area and short diffusion path. Normally, capillaries consist of a central lumen lined with an endothelium, a single layer of smooth epithelial cells.

In contrast, deep neurovascular bundles, with arteries in them, have a more complicated composition. Arteries are the vessels that transfer the blood pumped by the heart to the entire body. Arteries have high intraluminal blood pressure, relative to capillaries and veins. To copmpensate arteries have a smooth muscle and a connective tissue structure outside the endothelium. This composition allows arteries to contract/relax, be flexible under pressure, and transfer blood.

Both superficial and deep neurovascular bundles are at risk during incisions in surgeries.

In surgeries, the principle superficial neurovascular bundles at risk are, medially, the great saphenous vein and its accompanying nerve, and, laterally, the superficial peroneal nerve. The superficial peroneal nerve originates from the common peroneal nerve near the neck of the fibula and passes between the peroneus longus and brevis muscles, supplying motor branches to these muscles. The superficial branch then continues onto the dorsum of the foot to supply sensory fibers to the skin there.

The main deep neurovascular bundle at risk is the posterior tibial. It lies on the posterior aspect of the tibialis posterior and flexor digitorum longus muscles, and medial to the belly of flexor hallucis longus. It also gives rise to medial plantar artery and lateral plantar artery.

During surgery, these neurovascular bundles, both superficial and deep, should be protected in order to prevent neurological damage.

A common anatomically informed, surgical technique to avoid damaging neurovascular bundles is to undermine anteriorly to the posterior tibial margin after reaching the fascia, in order to avoid the saphenous vein and nerve. The deep posterior compartment here is superficial and readily accessible. The fascia of the deep posterior compartment is carefully opened distally and proximally, under the belly of the soleus muscle, paying special attention to the posterior tibial neurovascular bundle. Through the same incision, the fascia of the superficial posterior compartment is opened widely, two centimeters posterior and parallel to the incision in the fascia of the deep compartment.

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