The Netherlands competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, from 5 to 21 August 2016. Since the nation's official debut in 1900, Dutch athletes had competed at every edition of the Summer Olympic Games in the modern era, with the exception of the sparsely attended 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis and 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, which the Netherlands boycotted because of the Soviet invasion of Hungary.

The following is the list of number of competitors participating in the Games. Note that reserves in cycling, equestrian, field hockey and handball are not counted as athletes as long as the athlete does not compete in the Games.

The Netherlands qualified three archers into the men's individual and team events after having secured a top eight finish in the team recurve event at the 2015 World Archery Championships in Copenhagen, Denmark.

Sjef van den Berg was the first Dutch archer, who has been qualified for Rio 2016 by virtue of his good results in the last tournaments.Mitch Dielemans and Rick van der Ven were the other two archers, who have been qualified for Rio after their good performances.

The Netherlands has qualified 32 athletes (11 men and 21 women) into the following athletics events.

The Netherlands has qualified three badminton players for each of the following events into the Olympic tournament. Selena Piek, along with her partners Eefje Muskens and Jacco Arends, had claimed their Olympic spots each in the women's and mixed doubles, respectively, by virtue of their top 16 national finish in the BWF World Rankings as of 5 May 2016.

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