Neferneferuaten
| Neferneferuaten | |
|---|---|
| Pharaoh | |
| Reign | ca 1334–1332 BC (Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt) |
| Predecessor | Akhenaten? or Smenkhkare? |
| Successor | Smenkhkare? or Tutankhamun? |
| Consort | if Nefertiti: Akhenaten? if Meritaten: Smenkhkare? |
| Father | unknown |
| Mother | unknown |
| Died | ca 1332 BCE |
Ankhkheperure-mery-Neferkheperure/ -mery-Waenre/ -mery-Aten Neferneferuaten was a name used to refer to either Queen Meritaten or more likely Queen Nefertiti.
The archaeological evidence relates to a woman who reigned as pharaoh toward the end of the Amarna Period during the Eighteenth Dynasty. Her gender is confirmed by feminine traces occasionally found in the name and by the epithet Akhet-en-hyes ("Effective for her husband"), incorporated into one version of her second cartouche.
She is to be distinguished from the king who used the name Ankhkheperure Smenkhkare-Djeser Kheperu but without epithets appearing in either cartouche.
As illustrated in a 2011 Metropolitan Museum of Art symposium on Horemheb, the general chronology of the late 18th Dynasty is:
There is no broad consensus as to the succession order of Smenkhkare and Neferneferuaten. With little dated evidence to fix their reigns with any certainty, the order depends on how the evidence is interpreted. Many encyclopedic sources and atlases will show Smenkhkare succeeding Akhenaten on the basis of tradition dating back to 1845, and some still conflate Smenkhkare with Neferneferuaten.
The period from the 13th year of Akhenaten's reign to the ascension of Tutankhaten is very murky. The reigns of Smenkhkare and Neferneferuaten were very brief and left little monumental or inscriptional evidence to draw a clear picture of political events. Adding to this, Neferneferuaten shares her prenomen, or throne name, with Smenkhkare, and her nomen (or birth name) with Queen Nefertiti/Nefertiti-Neferneferuaten making identification very difficult at times.
The Egyptians themselves tried to hide the evidence of the Amarna kings' reigns from us. Neferneferuaten's successor seems to have denied her a king's burial and, later, in the reign of Horemheb, the entire Amarna period began to be regarded as anathema and the reigns of the Amarna period pharaohs from Akhenaten to Ay were expunged from history as these kings' total regnal years were assigned to Horemheb. The result is that 3300 years later, scholars would have to piece together events and even resurrect the players bit by bit with the evidence sometimes limited to palimpsest - erased - text.
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