National Congress of American Indians
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| Formation | November 17, 1944 |
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| Purpose | American Indian and Alaska Native indigenous rights organization |
| Website | ncai |
The National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) is an American Indian and Alaska Native indigenous rights organization. It was founded in 1944 to represent the tribes and resist federal government pressure for termination of tribal rights and assimilation of their people. These were in contradiction of their treaty rights and status as sovereign entities. The organization continues to be an association of federally recognized and state-recognized American Indian tribes.
Historically the Indian peoples of the North American continent rarely joined forces across tribal lines, which were divisions related to distinct language and cultural groups. One reason was that most tribes were highly decentralized, with their people seldom united around issues.
In the 20th century, a generation of American Indians came of age who were educated in multi-tribal boarding schools and they learned to form alliances across tribes. They increasingly felt the need to work together politically in order to exert their power in dealing with the United States federal government. In addition, with the efforts after 1934 to reorganize tribal governments, activists believed that Indians had to work together to strengthen their political position. Activists formed the National Congress of American Indians to find ways to organize the tribes to deal in a more unified way with the US government. They wanted to challenge the government on its failure to implement treaties, to work against the tribal termination policy, and to improve public opinion of and appreciation for Indian cultures.
The initial organization of the NCAI was done largely by Native American men who worked for the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and represented many tribes. At the second national convention, Indian women attended as representatives in numbers equal to the men. The convention decided that BIA employees should be excluded from serving as general officers or members of the executive committee. The first president of the NCAI was Napoleon B. Johnson, a judge in Oklahoma. Dan Madrano was the initial secretary-treasurer; he was a Caddo who was serving as an elected member of the Oklahoma State Legislature. From 1945 to 1955, the executive secretary of the NCAI was Ruth Muskrat Bronson, who established the organization's legislative news service.
During the late 20th century, NCAI contributed to gaining changes in legislation to protect and preserve Indian culture, as well as the assertion by many tribes of sovereignty in dealing with the federal government.
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