Nataruk
The site of Nataruk taken during excavations
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 Location in Kenya
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| Location | Turkana County, Kenya |
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| Region | Lake Turkana |
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| Archaeologists | Marta Mirazón Lahr |
Nataruk in Turkana County, Kenya, is the site of an archaeological investigation which has uncovered the 10,000-year-old remains of 27 people. These remains have garnered a great deal of media attention for possible bioarchaeological evidence of interpersonal violence. According to the Nature article published by Mirazón Lahr and colleagues, the skeletons present the earliest evidence for intergroup violence among hunting-foraging populations, what they interpret as a "massacre". According to Mirazón Lahr et al., the remains of adults and six children, show signs of a violent end, having been clubbed or stabbed and left to die without burial. Two of the male remains had stone projectile tips lodged in the skull and thorax. However, a Brief Communication Arising published in Nature by Stojanowski and colleagues calls into question much of the alleged evidence of a "massacre". Their critique centers on two main points. First, these authors suggest that much of the evidence of peri-mortem trauma identified by Mirazón Lahr et al. is equally - if not more - likely to have occurred after deposition, that is, after the skeletons were buried, intentionally or otherwise. Second, Stojanowski et al. disagree over the interpretation of the site formation processes. Where Mirazón Lahr et al. see little evidence for intentional burial at the site, Stojanowski and colleagues argue that the bodies at Nataruk are mostly articulated, spatially organized, non-commingled, and preserve limited variation in body positioning, all of which are inconsistent with skeletons from well-documented massacre sites.Coordinates: 2°42′24″N 36°08′31″E / 2.70661°N 36.14191°E
It is unclear exactly what happened at the site, but Mirazón Lahr stand by their interpretation that it was a massacre, the result of an attack by another group of hunter-gatherers. They believe it is "the earliest scientifically-dated historical evidence of human conflict." A comparable site, Cemetery 117 at Jebel Sahaba, was excavated in Sudan in the 1960s and is believed to be of a similar age. At Jebel Sahaba, Qadan individuals who had been killed were buried within a cemetery.
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