N1 (rocket)
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| Function | Manned lunar launch vehicle/Super heavy-lift launch vehicle |
|---|---|
| Manufacturer | OKB-1 |
| Country of origin | USSR |
| Size | |
| Height | 105 meters (344 ft) |
| Diameter | 17.0 meters (55.8 ft) |
| Mass | 2,750,000 kilograms (6,060,000 lb) |
| Stages | 5 |
| Capacity | |
| Payload to LEO | 95,000 kg (209,000 lb) |
| Payload to TLI | 23,500 kg (51,800 lb) |
| Launch history | |
| Status | Canceled |
| Launch sites | LC-110, Baikonur |
| Total launches | 4 |
| Successes | 0 |
| Failures | 4 |
| First flight | 21 February 1969 |
| Last flight | 23 November 1972 |
| First stage - Block A | |
| Diameter | 17.0 m (55.8 ft) |
| Engines | 30 NK-15 |
| Thrust | 45,400 kN (10,200,000 lbf) |
| Specific impulse | 3.24 kN·s/kg (330 s) |
| Burn time | 125 s |
| Fuel | RP-1/LOX |
| Second stage - Block B | |
| Engines | 8 NK-15V |
| Thrust | 14,040 kN (3,160,000 lbf) |
| Specific impulse | 3.39 kN·s/kg (346 s) |
| Burn time | 120 s |
| Fuel | RP-1/LOX |
| Third stage - Block V | |
| Engines | 4 NK-21 |
| Thrust | 1,610 kN (360,000 lbf) |
| Specific impulse | 3.46 kN·s/kg (353 s) |
| Burn time | 370 seconds |
| Fuel | RP-1/LOX |
| Fourth stage (N1/L3) - Block G (Earth departure) | |
| Engines | 1 NK-19 |
| Thrust | 446 kN (100,000 lbf) |
| Specific impulse | 3.46 kN·s/kg (353 s) |
| Burn time | 443 s |
| Fuel | RP-1/LOX |
The N1 (Russian: Н1, from Ракета-носитель, Raketa-Nositel, carrier) was a super heavy-lift launch vehicle intended to deliver payloads beyond low Earth orbit, acting as the Soviet counterpart to the US Saturn V. It was designed with crewed extra-orbital travel in mind. Development work started on the N1 in 1959. Its first stage is the most powerful rocket stage ever built.
The N1-L3 version was developed to compete with the United States Apollo-Saturn V to land a man on the Moon, using the same lunar orbit rendezvous method. The basic N1 launch vehicle had three stages, which was to carry the L3 lunar payload into low Earth orbit with two cosmonauts. The L3 contained an Earth departure stage; another stage used for mid-course corrections, lunar orbit insertion, and powered descent initiation; a single-pilot LK Lander spacecraft; and a two-pilot Soyuz 7K-LOK lunar orbital spacecraft for return to Earth. The Apollo spacecraft was able to carry three astronauts (landing two on the Moon), and did not require the extra two rocket stages.
N1-L3 was underfunded and rushed, starting development in October 1965, almost four years after the Saturn V. The project was badly derailed by the death of its chief designer Sergei Korolev in 1966. Each of the four attempts to launch an N1 failed; during the second launch attempt the N1 rocket crashed back onto its launch pad shortly after liftoff and exploded, resulting in one of the largest artificial non-nuclear explosions in human history. The N1 program was suspended in 1974, and in 1976 was officially canceled. Along with the rest of the Soviet manned lunar programs, the N1 was kept secret almost until the collapse of the Soviet Union in December 1991; information about the N1 was first published in 1989.
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