Mutara III of Rwanda
| Mutara III Rudahigwa | |
|---|---|
| Mwami of Rwanda | |
| Reign | 16 November 1931 – 25 July 1959 |
| Predecessor | Yuhi V Musinga |
| Successor | Kigeli V Ndahindurwa |
| Born | March 1911 Nyanza, Rwanda |
| Died | 25 July 1959 (aged 48) Bujumbura, Burundi |
| Spouse |
Nyiramakomali (m. 1933; div. 1941) Rosalie Gicanda (m. 1942) |
| Clan | Abanyiginya |
| Father | Yuhi V Musinga |
| Mother | Radegonde Nyiramavugo III Kankazi |
Mutara III Rudahigwa (March 1911 – 25 July 1959) was King (Mwami) of Rwanda between 1931 and 1959. He was the first Rwandan king to be baptised, and Roman Catholicism took hold in Rwanda during his reign. His Christian name was Charles Léon Pierre, and he is sometimes referred to as Charles Mutara III Rudahigwa.
Rudahigwa was born in March 1911, in the royal capital of Rwanda, Nyanza, to King Yuhi V Musinga, and Queen Kankazi (later Queen Mother Radegonde Nyiramavugo III Kankazi), one of his wives. He was a member of the Tutsi Abanyiginya clan.
In 1919 he began his education at the Colonial School for Chiefs' Sons in Nyanza, subsequently becoming his father's secretary in 1924. In January 1929 he was appointed a chief and administered a province.
Rudahigwa became king on 16 November 1931, the Belgian colonial administration having deposed his father, Yuhi V Musinga, four days earlier. He took the royal name Mutara, becoming Mutara III Rudahigwa. He is sometimes referred to as Charles Mutara III Rudahigwa.
He was the first Rwandan king to convert to Catholicism, converting in 1943 and taking the Christian name Charles Léon Pierre. His father had refused to convert to Christianity, and the Rwandan Catholic Church eventually perceived him as anti-Christian and as an impediment to their civilising mission. Rudahigwa had been secretly instructed in Christianity by Léon Classe, the head of the Rwandan Catholic Church, since 1929, and was groomed by the Belgians to replace his father. In 1946 he dedicated the country to Christ, effectively making Christianity a state religion. His conversion spearheaded a wave of baptisms in the protectorate.
His reign coincided with the worst recorded period of famine in Rwanda between 1941 and 1945, which included the Ruzagayura famine (1944 - 1945], during which time 200,000 out of the nation's population of around two million perished.
During Rudahigwa's reign there was a marked stratification of ethnic identity. In 1935 the Belgian administration issued identity cards formalising the ethnic categories, Tutsi, Hutu and Twa. After World War II, a Hutu emancipation movement began to grow in Rwanda, fuelled by increasing resentment of the inter-war social reforms, and also an increasing sympathy for the Hutu within the Catholic Church. Although in 1954 Rudhahigwa abolished the ubuhake system of indentured service that exploited Hutus, this had little real practical effect.
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