Messier 74
| Messier 74 | |
|---|---|
The spiral galaxy, M74 (in the left bottom corner the supernova 2013ej)
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| Observation data (J2000 epoch) | |
| Constellation | Pisces |
| Right ascension | 01h 36m 41.8s |
| Declination | +15° 47′ 01″ |
| Redshift | 657 km/s |
| Distance | 30 ± 6 Mly |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 10.0 |
| Characteristics | |
| Type | SA(s)c |
| Number of stars | 100 billion (1×1011) |
| Size | 95,000 ly (diameter) |
| Apparent size (V) | 10′.5 × 9′.5 |
| Other designations | |
| NGC 628, UGC 1149, PGC 5974 | |
Messier 74 (also known as NGC 628) is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Pisces. In the Catalogue of Named Galaxies, it is called Verticosus Piscium, or the very whirling galaxy. It is at a distance of about 32 million light-years away from Earth. The galaxy contains two clearly defined spiral arms and is therefore used as an archetypal example of a grand design spiral galaxy. The galaxy's low surface brightness makes it the most difficult Messier object for amateur astronomers to observe. However, the relatively large angular size of the galaxy and the galaxy's face-on orientation make it an ideal object for professional astronomers who want to study spiral arm structure and spiral density waves. It is estimated that M74 is home to about 100 billion stars.
M74 was discovered by Pierre Méchain in 1780. Méchain then communicated his discovery to Charles Messier, who listed the galaxy in his catalog.
Three supernovae have been identified in M74:SN 2002ap,SN 2003gd, and SN 2013ej.
SN 2002ap has attracted considerable attention because it is one of the few Type Ic supernovae (or hypernovae) observed within 10 Mpc in recent years. This supernovae has been used to test theories on the origins of similar Type Ic supernovae at higher distances and theories on the connection between supernovae and gamma ray bursts.
SN 2003gd is a Type II-P supernova. Type II supernovae have known luminosities, so they can be used to accurately measure distances. The distance measured to M74 using SN 2003gd is 9.6 ± 2.8 Mpc, or 31 ± 9 million ly. For comparison, distances measured using the brightest supergiants are 7.7 ± 1.7 Mpc and 9.6 ± 2.2 Mpc. Ben E. K. Sugerman found a "light echo" – a reflection of supernova explosion that appeared after the explosion itself – associated with SN 2003gd. This is one of the few supernovae in which such a reflection has been found. This reflection appears to be from dust in a sheet-like cloud that lies in front of the supernova, and it can be used to determine the composition of the interstellar dust.
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