Matei Călinescu (June 15, 1934, Bucharest – June 24, 2009, Bloomington, Indiana) was a Romanian literary critic and professor of comparative literature at Indiana University, in Bloomington, Indiana.
He attended the "Ion Luca Caragiale" High School in Bucharest, taking his diploma in 1952. He was offered a Fulbright grant and defected to the United States in 1973. After his retirement he became an Emeritus Professor at Indiana University. He lived with his wife in Bloomington, Indiana.