Market abuse may arise in circumstances where financial investors have been unreasonably disadvantaged, directly or indirectly, by others who:
Market Abuse is split into two different aspects (under EU definitions):
In 2013/2014, the EU updated its legislation on market abuse, and harmonised criminal sanctions. In the Danish European Union opt-out referendum, 2015, the Danish population rejected adoption of the 2014 market abuse directive (2014/57/EU) and much other legislation.