Mark 45 torpedo

Mark 45 torpedo
Mark 45 torpedo on display in Aiea, Hawaii, United States
Type	Nuclear antisubmarine torpedo
Place of origin	United States
Service history
In service	1958-1976
Used by	United States Navy
Production history
Designer	Applied Research Laboratory, University of Washington Westinghouse Electric
Designed	1957
Manufacturer	Westinghouse Electric
Produced	1959
No. built	600
Variants	Mark 45 Mod 1 Mark 45 Mod 2
Specifications
Weight	2,400 pounds (1,100 kg)
Length	227 inches (580 cm)
Diameter	19 inches (48 cm)
Warhead	W34 nuclear warhead
Blast yield	11 kilotons
Engine	Electric
Operational range	5-8 miles (8-13 km)
Guidance system	Gyroscope and wire
Launch platform	Submarines

The Mark 45 anti-submarine torpedo, a.k.a. ASTOR, was a submarine-launched wire-guided nuclear torpedo designed by the United States Navy for use against high-speed, deep-diving, enemy submarines. The 19-inch (480 mm)-diameter torpedo was fitted with a W34 nuclear warhead. The need to maintain direct control over the warhead meant that a wire connection had to be maintained between the torpedo and submarine until detonation. Wire guidance systems were piggybacked onto this cable, and the torpedo had no homing capability. The design was completed in 1960, and 600 torpedoes were built between 1963 and 1976, when ASTOR was replaced by the Mark 48 torpedo.

This electrically propelled, 19-inch (480 mm)-diameter torpedo was 227 inches (5,800 mm) long and weighed 2,400 pounds (1,100 kg). The W34 nuclear warhead used in ASTOR had an explosive yield of 11 kilotons. The requirement for positive control of nuclear warheads meant that ASTOR could only be detonated by a deliberate signal from the firing submarine, which necessitated a wire link. Because of this, the torpedo was only fitted with wire guidance systems (transmitted over the same link), and had no homing capability. The torpedo had a range of 5 to 8 miles (8.0 to 12.9 km). By replacing the nuclear warhead and removing the wire guidance systems, the torpedo could be reconfigured for unguided launch against surface targets.

Development of ASTOR was completed in 1960 and it entered service in 1963. Approximately 600 torpedoes were built by 1976, when the torpedo was replaced by the Mark 48 torpedo. The ASTORs were collected, fitted with conventional warheads and wake homing guidance systems, then sold to foreign navies as the Mark 45 Mod 1 Freedom Torpedo.