Marianas Trench
Coordinates: 11°21′N 142°12′E / 11.350°N 142.200°E
The Mariana Trench or Marianas Trench is the deepest part of the world's oceans. It is located in the western Pacific Ocean, an average of 124 miles/200km to the east of the Mariana Islands, in the Western Pacific East of Philippines. The trench is about 2,550 kilometres (1,580 mi) long with an average width of 69 kilometres (43 mi). It is a crescent-shaped scar in the Earth's crust, and measures over 1500 miles/2550km long and 43 miles/69km wide on average. It reaches a maximum-known depth of 10,994 metres (36,070 ft) (± 40 metres [130 ft]) at a small slot-shaped valley in its floor known as the Challenger Deep, at its southern end, although some unrepeated measurements place the deepest portion at 11,034 metres (36,201 ft). If Mount Everest were dropped into the trench at this point, its peak would still be over 1 mile (1.6 km) underwater.
At the bottom of the trench the water column above exerts a pressure of 1,086 bars (15,750 psi), more than 1,000 times the standard atmospheric pressure at sea level. At this pressure, the density of water is increased by 4.96%, so that 95 litres of water under the pressure of the Challenger Deep would contain the same mass as 100 litres at the surface. The temperature at the bottom is 1 to 4 °C (34 to 39 °F).
The trench is not the part of the seafloor closest to the center of the Earth. This is because the Earth is not a perfect sphere; its radius is about 25 kilometres (16 mi) less at the poles than at the equator. As a result, parts of the Arctic Ocean seabed are at least 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) closer to the Earth's center than the Challenger Deep seafloor.
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