Marc Armand Ruffer

Sir Marc Armand Ruffer CMG (1859,Lyon,France – 15 April 1917, Greece) was an Anglo-German experimental pathologist and bacteriologist. He is considered a pioneer of modern paleopathology.

He was the son of German banker Baron Alphonse Jacques Ruffer and his German wife Caroline, who were resident in Switzerland at time of his own death. Ruffer married Alice Mary Greenfield in 1890 and had three children.

He studied at Brasenose College, Oxford, University College London and the Pasteur Institute in Paris.

In 1891 he was appointed the first director of the British Institute of Preventive Medicine, latterly the Lister Institute.

Moving to Egypt for health reasons, Ruffer was appointed a professor of bacteriology at the The Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University in 1896, later taking roles on committees dealing with health, disease, and sanitation. In Egypt he worked on the histology of mummies publishing his findings and helping to establish the field of palaeopathology.

Ruffer was made a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in 1905 and knighted in 1916. He also received the Grand Cross of the Ottoman Orders of Osmanieh and the Medjidie, the Order of the Redeemer (2nd class) of Greece, and was Commander (2nd class) in the Order of St Anne of Russia and the Crown of Italy.

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