Mappila riots
| Mappila Riots (Mappila Outbreaks) | |||||
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| Part of Religion and Peasant Struggles in Malabar | |||||
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| Belligerents | |||||
| Hindu jenmi landlords, Government | Mappila Muslims | ||||
Mappila Riots or Mappila Outbreaks refers to a series of riots by the Mappila (Moplah) Muslims of Malabar, South India in the 19th century and the early 20th century (c.1836–1921) against native Hindus and the state. The Malabar Rebellion of 1921 is often considered as the culmination of Mappila riots. Mappilas committed several atrocities against the Hindus during the outbreak.Annie Besant reported that Muslim Mappilas forcibly converted many Hindus and killed or drove away all Hindus who would not apostatise, totalling the driven people to one lakh (100,000).
During the Mysorean interlude (1788–1792), the Malabar government reached settlements with the kanakkars in the absence of the Jenmi who had fled persecution to take refuge in the southern state of Travancore. A new system of land revenue was then introduced for the first time in the history of the region and the government share was fixed on the basis of the actual produce from the land.
Historically, the agricultural system in the Malabar was based on a system of hierarchy of privileges, rights and obligations for all the principal social groups in the society. William Logan, the British administrator sometimes referred to as the "Father of Tenancy Legislation" in the Malabar, describes this as a system of 'corporate unity’ or joint proprietorship of each of the principal land right holders:
The net produce of the land was the share left over after providing for the Cherujanmakkar or all the other birthright holders such as the village carpenter, the goldsmith and the agricultural labourers who helped to gather, prepare and store the produce. The system ensured that no Jenmi could evict the tenants under him except for reasons of non-payment of rent. This land tenure system was generally referred to as the janmi-kana-maryada (customary practices).
The Mappila riots at Chembrasseri and Mancheri in 1896 were organised and led by Moideen Kutti Musaliyar, Kappa Kannan Mootha, Pottemmal Unni Mammad and Alingal Aidru. The main leader of this uprising was Moideen Kutti Musaliyar, whose personal grievance against the adhikari of Thoovoor was the cause of the unrest. Over 92 Mappilas were killed during the uprising.
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