Sultan Mahmud Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Muhammad Shah (died 1530) is the fifth Sultan of Pahang who reigned from 1519 to 1530. He succeeded on the death of his cousin, Mansur Shah I in 1519.

Known as Raja Muzaffar before his accession, he is the youngest son of the first Sultan of Pahang, Muhammad Shah by his wife Mengindra Putri. He married first to his cousin Raja Putri Olah binti al-Marhum Sultan Ahmad, daughter of the second Sultan of Pahang, and second at Bintan circa 1519 to Raja Khadija binti al-Marhum Sultan Mahmud Shah, daughter of the last sultan of Melaka.

The open warfare between Pahang and the Portuguese continued during Mahmud Shah's reign. He personally became embroiled with wars against the Portuguese in alliance with the deposed Mahmud Shah of Melaka, whose daughter, Raja Khadija he married in 1519. He assisted the Melakan forces in their attacks on Portuguese shipping in the Straits of Malacca and have any who landed on Pahang soil killed.

In 1522, a unit of Portuguese troops who attempted for an incursion into Pahang were killed by the Pahangite soldiers. Together with the Melakan forces, Pahang also succeeded in defeating the Portuguese in the battle of Muar River. The Portuguese reprisal came in 1523 when Alfonso de Souza attacked Pahang, killed 5,000 Malays and carried off a large number into slavery. Years later in 1526, Pahang retaliated by sending 2,000 soldiers to assist the fleeing Melakan forces in Bintan against Pedro Mascarenhas.

Mahmud Shah died in 1530 and having had issue two sons and several daughters. He is styled as Marhum di Hilir after his death and was succeeded by his first son, Raja Jainad.

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