Madura Island

Madura

Topography of Madura (above) Location of Madura in East Java (below)
Geography
Location	South East Asia
Coordinates	7°0′S 113°20′E / 7.000°S 113.333°E / -7.000; 113.333Coordinates: 7°0′S 113°20′E / 7.000°S 113.333°E / -7.000; 113.333
Archipelago	Greater Sunda Islands
Total islands	127
Major islands	Madura, Kangean
Area	5,168 km2 (1,995 sq mi)
Administration
Indonesia
Province	East Java
Demographics
Population	3,630,000 (2012 Census)
Pop. density	720.9 /km2 (1,867.1 /sq mi)
Ethnic groups	Madurese

Madura is an Indonesian island off the northeastern coast of Java. The island comprises an area of approximately 4,078.67 km² (administratively 5,168  km² including various smaller islands to the east and north). Madura is administered as part of the East Java province. It is separated from Java by the narrow Strait of Madura. The administered area has a density of 702 people per km², while the island itself (3,630,000 people in 2012 count) is higher at 817/km².

Madura word origin from Madurai district in Tamil Nadu, In 1624, Sultan Agung of Mataram conquered Madura and the island's government was brought under the Cakraningrats, a single princely line. The Cakrangingrat family opposed Central Javanese rule and often conquered large parts of Mataram.

Following the First Javanese War of Succession between Amangkurat III and his uncle, Pangeran Puger, the Dutch gained control of the eastern half of Madura in 1705. Dutch recognition of Puger was influenced by the lord of West Madura, Cakraningrat II who is thought to have supported Puger's claims in the hope that a new war in central Java would provide the Madurese with a chance to interfere. However, while Amangkurat was arrested and exiled to Ceylon, Puger took the title of Pakubuwono I and signed a treaty with the Dutch that granted them East Madura.

The Cakraningrats agreed to help the Dutch quash the 1740 rebellion in Central Java after the Chinese massacre in 1740. In a 1743 treaty with the Dutch, Pakubuwono I ceded full sovereignty of Madura to the Dutch, which was contested by Cakraningrat IV. Cakraningrat fled to Banjarmasin, took refuge with the English, was robbed and betrayed by the sultan, and captured by the Dutch and exiled to the Cape of Good Hope.

The Dutch continued Madura's administrative divisions of four states each with their own regent. The island was initially important as a source of colonial troops and in the second half of the nineteenth century it became the main source of salt for Dutch-controlled territories in the archipelago.