MULTICS
| Developer | MIT, GE, Bell Labs |
|---|---|
| Written in | PL/1, Assembly language |
| Working state | Mature, Historic |
| Source model | Open source |
| Initial release | 1969 |
| Available in | English |
| Platforms | GE-645 mainframes, Honeywell 6180 series machines |
| Kernel type | Monolithic kernel |
| Default user interface | Command line interface |
| License | Originally proprietary, Open-source Multics License since 2007 |
| Official website |
Multicians, Multics Internet Server |
Multics (Multiplexed Information and Computing Service) is an influential early time-sharing operating system, based around the concept of a single-level memory. Virtually all modern operating systems are heavily influenced by Multics; often through Unix, either directly (Linux, macOS) or indirectly (Microsoft Windows).
Initial planning and development for Multics started in 1964, in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Originally it was a cooperative project led by MIT (Project MAC with Fernando Corbató) along with General Electric and Bell Labs. Bell Labs pulled out in 1969, and in 1970 GE's computer business including Multics was taken over by Honeywell.
Multics was conceived as a commercial product for GE, and became one for Honeywell, but not a very successful one. Due to its many novel and valuable ideas, Multics had a significant impact in the computer field even though it was derided by some critics at the time.
Multics had numerous features intended to ensure high availability so that it would support a computing utility similar to the telephone and electricity utilities. Modular hardware structure and software architecture were used to achieve this. The system could grow in size by simply adding more of the appropriate resource—computing power, main memory, disk storage, etc. Separate access control lists on every file provided flexible information sharing, but complete privacy when needed. Multics had a number of standard mechanisms to allow engineers to analyze the performance of the system, as well as a number of adaptive performance optimization mechanisms.
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