List of programming languages by category

This is a list of notable programming languages, grouped by type.

(Because there is no overarching classification scheme for programming languages, in many cases a language will be listed under multiple headings).

Array programming (also known as vector or multidimensional) languages generalize operations on scalars to apply transparently to vectors, matrices, and higher-dimensional arrays.

Assembly languages directly correspond to a machine language (see below) so machine code instructions appear in a form understandable by humans. Assembly languages lets programmers use symbolic addresses, which the assembler converts to absolute addresses. Most assemblers also support macros and symbolic constants.

Command-line interface (CLI) languages are also called batch languages, or job control languages. Examples:

These are languages typically processed by compilers, though theoretically any language can be compiled or interpreted. See also compiled language.

Message passing languages provide language constructs for concurrency. The predominant paradigm for concurrency in mainstream languages such as Java is shared memory concurrency based on monitors. Concurrent languages that make use of message passing have generally been inspired by CSP or the π-calculus, but have had little commercial success, except for Ada and Erlang. Ada is a multipurpose language and concurrent programming is only one option available.

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