List of mammals of Madagascar

This is a list of the native wild mammal species recorded in Madagascar. As of June 2014 (following the IUCN reassessment of the lemurs) there are 241 extant mammal species recognized in Madagascar, of which 22 are critically endangered, 62 are endangered, 32 are vulnerable, 9 are near-threatened, 72 are of least concern and 44 are either data deficient or not evaluated. All of the critically endangered species are lemurs. Most if not all of the 29 listed extinct species are believed to have died out in prehistoric times, following the first appearance of humans about 2000 years ago; none of these are known to have survived into the post-European contact period.

The mammalian fauna of Madagascar is highly distinctive and largely endemic. The extant nonmarine, nonchiropteran taxa constitute (as of June 2014) 168 species, 40 genera and 9 families; of these, endemic forms make up all but perhaps one of the species, all but one genus, and all but three of the families.

The following tags are used to highlight each species' conservation status as assessed by the IUCN:

The afrotherian order Afrosoricida contains the golden moles of southern Africa and the tenrecs of Madagascar and Africa, two families of small mammals that were traditionally part of the order Insectivora. All the native tenrecs of Madagascar are believed to descend from a common ancestor that arrived 25–42 million years ago after rafting over from Africa (where only 3 species of tenrecids, the otter shrews, survive).

Bibymalagasia is an enigmatic order represented by two extinct species of dog-sized, probably insectivorous mammals restricted to Madagascar. Although their relationships have been debated, they have been thought to belong to Afrotheria. Morphological analyses have tended to place them close to aardvarks (order Tubulidentata), perhaps due to convergent specializations for digging. Analysis of preserved collagen sequences, however, places them within Afrosoricida closest to tenrecs. The two species differ in size and aspects of morphology. They survived until as recently as 2150 BP.

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