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A compiler is computer software that transforms computer code written in one programming language (the source language) into another computer language (the target language). Compilers are a type of translator that support digital devices, primarily computers. A common reason for compilation is converting source code into a binary form known as object code to create an executable program. The name compiler is primarily used for programs that translate source code from a high-level programming language to a lower level language (e.g., assembly language or machine code).

There are many different types of compiler. If the compiled program can run on a computer whose CPU or operating system is different from the one on which the compiler runs, the compiler is a cross-compiler. A program that translates from a low-level language to a higher level one is a decompiler. A program that translates between high-level languages is usually called a source-to-source compiler or transpiler. A language rewriter is usually a program that translates the form of expressions without a change of language. The term compiler-compiler is sometimes used to refer to a parser generator, a tool often used to help create the lexer and parser.

A compiler is likely to perform many or all of the following operations: preprocessing,lexical analysis, parsing, semantic analysis (syntax-directed translation), Intermediate representation, code optimization and code generation. Compilers implement these operation in phases that promote efficient design and correct transformations of source input to target output. Program faults caused by incorrect compiler behavior can be very difficult to track down and work around; therefore, compiler implementors invest significant effort to ensure compiler correctness.

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