Li'o language
| Li'o | |
|---|---|
| Ende–Li'o | |
| Native to | Indonesia |
| Region | Central Flores |
|
Native speakers
|
310,000 (1993 – 2009 census) |
|
Austronesian
|
|
| Lota script | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Variously: end – Ende ljl – Li’o xxk – Ke’o nxe – Nage |
| Glottolog | ende1245 |
Li'o, Kéo, or Ende-Li'o, is a Malayo-Polynesian dialect cluster spoken on Flores in Indonesia.
Kéo has 23 consonant phonemes.
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Kéo has 6 vowel phonemes.
Personal pronouns replace proper nouns or other nouns, and form a closed word class. They are highly dependent on context, and are used to indicate if one is referring to the speaker, listener, etc. (Baird, 2002, pp. 108).
There are five subclasses of nouns; 1) common nouns, 2) kin terms, 3) place names, 4) personal names and 5) personal pronouns (Baird, 2002, pp. 101–102). Thus, unlike English, where pronouns are an independent part of the language, personal pronouns are included under the noun class in Kéo (Baird, 2002, pp. 97). Furthermore, all five of these subclasses, including personal pronouns, may be used as nominal predicates (Baird, 2002, pp. 101).
In Kéo, there is no change in the personal pronoun, even if they are independent pronouns, subjects, objects, possessors, etc. (Baird, 2002, pp. 108). However, first, second, third, (and singular and plural forms) have differences, and the first person plural pronoun has an inclusive and exclusive form. Apart from the first and second person singular pronoun, pronouns may be followed by numbers to quantify the pronoun. Gender is also not differentiated in Kéo pronouns (Baird, 2002, pp. 109).
Overview of Standard Personal Pronouns (Baird, 2002, pp. 110):
The standard forms of 1st person singular pronouns are nga'o; which is 1st singular, kita; 1st person plural inclusive, and kami; 1st person plural exclusive. This can be used to express I, me, my, etc. (Baird, 2002, pp. 110). For example:
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