Kalligrammatidae
| Kalligrammatidae Temporal range: Middle Jurassic – Aptian |
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| Kalligrammatid diversity | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Neuroptera |
| Suborder: | Myrmeleontiformia |
| Family: |
†Kalligrammatidae Handlirsch, 1906 |
| Subfamilies | |
Kalligrammatidae, sometimes known as kalligrammatids or kalligrammatid lacewings, is a family of extinct insects in the order Neuroptera (lacewings) that contains twenty genera and a number species. The family lived from the Middle Jurassic to the Early Middle Cretaceous before going extinct. Species of the family are known from Europe, Asia, and South America. The family has been occasionally described as 'butterflies of the Jurassic' based on their resemblance to modern butterflies in morphology and ecological niche.
The known distribution of Kalligammatidae is widespread both in time and in location. Fossils of the family have been recovered from sediments in Western Europe, the British Isles, Central Asia, and China of the Eastern Hemisphere. The majority of described species, thirty one, are from Jurassic and Cretaceous fossils found in China. Eight species are known from Kazakhstan, the second largest number of species for a country, while only two species are represented by fossils found in Russia, though only one is described due to the incomplete nature of the other specimen. One species has been described from Mongolia. Species from Europe are much less common, with four species from Germany and one species from England. Only one genus has been described from the Western Hemisphere, with two species found in Brazil. Six of the genera have been found at two or more locations; Kalligrammula and Kalligramma are the most widely distributed genera.
Jurassic species are found in both Asia and Europe. The oldest described species are from the Callovian Haifanggou and Daohugou Formations in China. Cretaceous species are less common, but still found across Eurasia, the youngest being from China and Britain and the family lasting until the Aptian in Brazil.
All species are known from compression-impression fossils preserved in layers of soft sedimentary rock. Many of the species are known only from isolated fore or hind wings, though full bodies are known for some species. Species are typified by bodies that are over 50 mm (2.0 in) long when known and covered in dense layers of setae. The antennae are generally not longer than the length of the fore wings and have a simple filiform structure. There is variation in the mouthparts, which commonly are 11–25 mm (0.43–0.98 in) longsiphon shaped proboscis, but some basal species have more distinct mandibles. The proboscis is formed from the same mouth parts as those of Nymphalidae butterflies and were used for probing and sucking. Species of at least one genus, Oregramma, have elongated lance shaped ovipositors. The wings are distinctly large, over 50 millimetres (2.0 in) long, often with centrally placed eye spots and the ovoid to triangular wings have numerous closely spaced branching veins. Most of the species also have distinctly developed wing scales, a feature seen in Lepidopterans. Two types of scales are seen in the kalligrammatids, shorter scales with a broad base that taper to a tip, and longer narrow scales with a spatulate shape. The species Makarkinia adamsi has the longest wingspan of any neuropteran species, estimated at 160 mm (6.3 in).
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