Jumala

Finnish: Jumala or Estonian: Jumal or Mari: Jumo means "god" in the Finnic languages and those of the Volga Finns (Mari, Erzya and Moksha languages), both the Christian god and any other deity of any religion. The word is thought to have been the name of a sky god of the ancient Finnic-speaking peoples. Jumala as a god of the sky is associated with the related Estonian Jumal, Mari Jumo and Bjarmian Jomali and is thought to stem from an ancient tradition of the Finno-Ugric peoples. A related term appears also in the Mordvinic languages, jondol "lightning", literally "fire of Juma" (cf. tol "fire").

The terms are usually considered to derive from a common Finno-Permic root *juma. No equivalents are found in the Ugric languages, and there are different theories concerning the earlier origin of the word. One possible origin is Baltic languages (cf. Jumis — Latvian god of fertility, one of the divine twins). An Indo-Iranian origin for the name has been proposed, comparing e.g. Sanskrit dyumān "heavenly", "shining", but this remains disputed.

This name replaced the original Finno-Ugric word for "heaven" (), which is preserved in the Sámi and Permic languages but whose meaning was shifted to "air" in Finnic. The older sense remains in the Finnish divine name Ilmarinen.

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