John Elfreth Watkins Sr. (1852–1903) was a civil engineer working for American railroads of the 19th century. He played a key role in the preservation of the John Bull steam locomotive and its subsequent public displays by the Smithsonian Institution.
After suffering a disabling accident in 1873, he became a clerk for the Pennsylvania Railroad, and in 1885 became a curator at the transport section of the Smithsonian.