John Bertram Peterson (July 15, 1871 – March 15, 1944) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Bishop of Manchester from 1932 until his death in 1944.
John Peterson was born in Salem, Massachusetts, to a Scandinavian sea captain and an Irish mother. He attended a commercial college in Boston and then worked at Pope Manufacturing Company; he also served as a newspaper reporter. After deciding to join the priesthood, he entered the Marist College in Van Buren, Maine. He then studied at Saint Anselm College in Goffstown, New Hampshire (1893-1895) and St. John's Seminary in Brighton.
Peterson was ordained a priest for the Archdiocese of Boston on September 15, 1899. After two years in study in Paris and Rome, he served as a professor and later rector (1911-1926) at St. John's Seminary.