Janya

Janya is a term meaning "derive". In Carnatic (South Indian) music a janya raga is one derived from one of the 72 melakarta ragas (fundamental melodic structures). Janya ragas are classified into various types based on a variety of features.

Ragas that omit one or more of the notes of the scale (swaras) of their parent melakarta raga, in the ascending or descending scale or in both, fall into this category. Different notes may be omitted from the ascending arohana and descending avarohana scale. Such scales are given the names listed below;.

Since these terms are applicable both to the ascending and the descending scale, ragas can be classified as Audava-Sampurna - 5 notes in ārohaṇa and 7 in the avarohaṇa - Shadava-Sampurna - 6 notes in ārohaṇa and 7 in the avarohaṇa, as in Kambhoji raga and so forth.

Sampurna-Sampurna ragas are not necessarily Melakarta because they may use notes not in the parent scale or vakra prayoga, a "zig-zag" scale instead of sequential ascent and descent). Such ragas are termed vakra ragas. Examples are Nalinakanti, Kathanakuthuhalam, Darbaru, Janaranjani and Kedaram. See full List of Janya Ragas for more examples.

(see swaras of Carnatic music for explanation of above notation)

Upanga ragas are strictly derived from their parent melakarta raga and do not use any note not found in the parent raga's scale. Examples of upanga ragas are Shuddha Saveri, Udayaravichandrika and Mohanakalyani. Bhashanga ragas have anya swara(s) (external note; note not found in parent scale) in their ārohaṇa, avarohaṇa or both. Examples of Bhashanga ragas are Kambhoji, Bhairavi, Bilahari, Saranga, Behag and Kāpi.

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