Internal resistance to South African apartheid
| Internal resistance to apartheid | |||||||||
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 Nelson Mandela burns his passbook in 1960 as part of a civil disobedience campaign. |
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| Belligerents | |||||||||
 MK (ANC) PLAN (SWAPO) AZAPO APLA (PAC) UDF (passive resistance only)
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| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
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Oliver Tambo Nelson Mandela Winnie Mandela Joe Slovo Joe Modise Moses Mabhida Lennox Lagu Potlako Leballo John Nyathi Pokela
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 H.F. Verwoerd B. J. Vorster P.W. Botha F.W. de Klerk Hendrik van den Bergh Dirk Coetzee Eugene de Kock
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| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| 21,000 dead as a result of political violence (1948-94) | |||||||||
Military stalemate between MK and South African security forces
Bilateral negotiations to end apartheid
Union of South Africa (1948-1961) Republic of South Africa (1961-1994)
Internal resistance to apartheid in South Africa originated from several independent sectors of society and alternatively took the form of social movements, passive resistance, or guerrilla warfare. Mass action against the ruling National Party government, coupled with South Africa's growing international isolation and economic sanctions, were instrumental factors in ending racial segregation and discrimination. Both black and white South African activists such as Steve Biko, Desmond Tutu, Nelson Mandela, Harry Schwarz, and Joe Slovo were involved with various anti-apartheid causes. By the 1980s, there was continuous interplay between violent and non-violent action, and this interplay was a notable feature of resistance against apartheid from 1983 until South Africa's first multiracial elections under a universal franchise in 1994.
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Wikipedia