Indian Campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani

Ahmad Shah Durrani raided India for seven times between 1748 to 1767. After the assassination of Nadir Shah, Ahmad Shah Durrani succeeded the throne of Afghanistan and started plundering wealth from nearby regions. He was greatest antagonist of Sikhs. His repeated incursions destroyed Mughal emire and at Panipat, dealt a major blow to Maratha pretensions in North and created a power vacuum , which in the end benefited sikhs inc creation of Sikh Empire. Ahmad Shah Durrani though a successful raider, could never consolidate his raids, because he had to rush back to his country. In spite of stronger military than Sikhs, he couldn't crush them due to internal and domestic disputes.

The reasons for his invasions to India are -

1) Like Muhammad of Ghazni the primary object of his invasion was to plunder India's wealth. India, at that time, was known for his wealth, gold, precious diamonds etc and also to enslave women, men and children to sell them in the markets of Central Asia.

2) Like Muhammad of Ghor, the object of his invasions was to establish political hegemony in India as he was quite familiar with the weak Mughal administration of Delhi.

Durrani raided India in 1748. His army was defeated at the Battle of Manupur (1748) and he had to return home in failure.

Ahmad Shah Durrani was defeated in his first raid of India. Therefore, he marched on India the next year to avenge his defeat. Second invasion resulted in Afghans having control of territory to the west of Indus

In third invasion, where Sikhs and Adina fought on side from Mir Mannu, against Ahmad Shah Durrani, was more successful and Lahore, Multan was ceded to Ahmad Shah Durrani

Ahmed Shah durrani along with his son Taimur Shah , on invitation by Mughlani Begum -wife of Mir Mannu, late subedar of Punjab Region under Mughal Empire - invaded India in 1756. They ransacked and plundered cities of Lahore, Sirhind, Delhi, Mathura, Vrinadavan. And they were able to take women slaves including daughters of late emperor Muhammad Shah and Alamgir II As the Ahmed Shah durrani and his son resumed their journey homewards, after their attack, Dal Khalsa attacked and robbed them of their treasures and freed hindu women at Sirhind.

Further the troops of Adina Beg and Sikhs fought together against Afghans at Hoshiarpur. Later troops of 20,000 horsemen of Timur Shah Durrani was defeated and captured by Sikhs. This resulted in insecurity in mind of Adina Beg , who invited Marathas, who had taken Delhi to come to Punjab and recapture Lahore. Sikhs and Marathas rout Afghans from Lahore by March 1758. Adina became subedar of Punjab , by promising 75 lacs a year to be paid to Marathas.

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Wikipedia