Ice March

The Ice March (Russian: Ледяной походъ), also called the First Kuban Campaign (Russian: Первый кубанскiй походъ), a military withdrawal lasting from February to May 1918, was one of the defining moments in the Russian Civil War of 1917 to 1921. Under attack by the Red Army advancing from the north, the forces of the Volunteer Army, sometimes referred to as the White Guard, began a retreat from the city of Rostov south towards the Kuban, in the hope of gaining the support of the Don Cossacks against the Bolshevik government in Moscow.

After the Bolshevik Party seized power in Russia in November  [O.S. October] 1917 , many of those opposed to the new government gravitated towards the fringes of the old Russian Empire, particularly to those parts still under the control of the German Army. In the Don Cossack capital, Novocherkassk (near Rostov-on-Don), the Don Cossack Host had elected General Aleksei Maksimovich Kaledin to the position of Ataman at its traditional assembly, the Host Krug () (1 July [O.S. 18 June] 1917). On 20 November  [O.S. 7 November] 1917, not long after the Communists took control in central Russia, the Don Krug declared its independence. Novocherkassk became a haven for those opposed to the Bolshevik Revolution, and soon hosted the headquarters of the Volunteer Army, made up for the most part of former Tsarist officers, and under the command of General Mikhail Alekseev and General Lavr Kornilov.

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