Ibn Kammuna

Sa'd ibn Mansur (Izz Al-dawla) Ibn Kammuna (in Arabic ابن كمونة، عز الدوله سعد بن منصور البغدادى), died in 1284, was a 13th Century Jewish physician (ophthalmologist), philosopher and critic of Islam who lived in Baghdad.

As a prolific scholar he played an important role in the diffusion of new thought in the Middle East. Much of his legacy, contained in the form of commentaries, correspondence, and treatise still survives today and makes up part of the historical remnants of his time.

Ibn Kammuna's commentary on Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi's Talwihat, the core text of Illuminationist philosophy is deemed as one of the most thorough examination of that branch of thought.

His comparative treatise on the three monotheistic religions Christianity, Judaism and Islam, titled Examination of the Three Faiths challenged the legitimacy of Islam where he reasoned that incompatibility of sharia with the principles of justice undercuts Muhammad's claims of being a perfect man and stated that people convert to Islam from ulterior motives.

He goes on to regard Muhammad "unoriginal" and "imperfect".

The publication of the book caused rioting in Baghdad, forcing Ibn Kammuna to flee that city in secret and was recorded by the thirteenth century historian Ibn al-Fuwati.

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