Hypermetabolism

Hypermetabolism is the physiological state of increased rate of metabolic activity and is characterized by an abnormal increase in the body’s basal metabolic rate. Hypermetabolism is accompanied by a variety of internal and external symptoms, most notably extreme weight loss, and can also be a symptom in itself. This state of increased metabolic activity can signal underlying issues, especially hyperthyroidism or fatal familial insomnia. The drastic impact of the hypermetabolic state on patient nutritional requirements is often understated or overlooked as well.

Hypermetabolism typically occurs after significant injury to the body. In hospitals and institutions, the most common causes are infections, sepsis, burns, multiple traumas, fever, long-bone fractures, hyperthyroidism, prolonged steroid therapy, surgery and bone marrow transplants. Hypermetabolism may occur in particular in the brain after traumatic brain injury. The cause and location of hypermetabolic symptoms within the body can be accurately detected by PET scan. Symptoms will usually subside once the underlying illness or injury is treated.

Symptoms may last for days, weeks, or months until the injury is healed. The most apparent sign of hypermetabolism is an abnormally high intake of calories followed by continuous weight loss. Internal symptoms of hypermetabolism include but are not limited to: peripheral insulin resistance, elevated catabolism of protein, carbohydrates and triglycerides, and a negative nitrogen balance in the body. Outward symptoms of hypermetabolism may include:

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