Hydrochlorothiazide
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| Trade names | Apo-hydro, others |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a682571 |
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Oral (capsules, tablets, oral solution) |
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| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | Variable (~70% on average) |
| Metabolism | Not significant |
| Biological half-life | 5.6–14.8 h |
| Excretion | Primarily kidney (>95% as unchanged drug) |
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| ECHA InfoCard | 100.000.367 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C7H8ClN3O4S2 |
| Molar mass | 297.74 g/mol |
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Hydrochlorothiazide (abbreviated HCTZ, HCT, or HZT) is a diuretic medication often used to treat high blood pressure and swelling due to fluid build up. Other uses include diabetes insipidus, renal tubular acidosis, and to decrease the risk of kidney stones in those with high calcium level in the urine. For high blood pressure it is often recommended as a first line treatment. HCTZ is taken by mouth and may be combined with other blood pressure medications as a single pill to increase the effectiveness.
Potential side effects include poor kidney function, electrolyte imbalances especially low blood potassium and less commonly low blood sodium, gout, high blood sugar, and feeling faint initially upon standing up. While allergies to HCTZ are reported to occur more often in those with allergies to sulfa drugs this association is not well supported. It may be used during pregnancy but is not a first line medication in this group.
It is in the thiazide medication class and acts by decreasing the kidneys' ability to retain water. This initially reduces blood volume, decreasing blood return to the heart and thus cardiac output. Long term, however, it is believed to lower peripheral vascular resistance.
Two companies, Merck and Ciba, state they discovered the medication which became commercially available in 1959. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system. In 2008 it was the second most commonly used blood pressure medication in the United States. It is available as a generic drug and is relatively affordable.
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