Hybrid organization

A hybrid organization is an organization that mixes elements, value systems and action logics (e.g. social impact and profit generation) of various sectors of society, i.e. the public sector, the private sector and the voluntary sector. Examples include organizations employed in the provision of public services that were originally established by societal actors, such as (in the European context) most social housing providers, public schools and hospitals. Other examples are public sector organizations that, due to the New Public Management revolution, behave in a more business-like way and organizations as the state-owned enterprise that also compete on the market place. In the context of social entrepreneurship, Battilana and Dorado (2010) have described microfinance organizations as hybrid organizations. In the context of corporate social entrepreneurship, Hemingway (2013a) also referred to hybrid corporations progressing a social agenda, in addition to their profit remit to deliver returns to shareholders.

For example, these might be companies dedicated to the growth of fair trade or environmentally sustainable production, or any of the domains of corporate social responsibility (Hemingway, 2013b). This was based on Hemingway's (2013b) ethnographic study of a British-based multi-national corporation, where corporate social responsibility was found to be practised informally by some employees, in addition to their formal job roles. But in distinguishing between the terms 'social entrepreneurship' and 'corporate social entrepreneurship', she also pointed out that unless a corporate employee has been given dispensation from the profit motive in order to specifically create social value,even the most hybrid of corporations could not be described as a social enterprise staffed by social entrepreneurs (although employees' activities outside of the workplace might be). However, she did find evidence of corporate social entrepreneurship, where some employees had enlarged their own job roles to encompass social responsibility, in one or more forms.

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