Hisham II al-Hakam

Hisham II ھشام المؤيد بالله
17 Caliph of Umayyad Dynasty 3rd Caliph of Córdoba
Reign	16 October 976–1009 1010– 19 April 1013
Predecessor	Al-Hakam II Sulayman ibn al-Hakam
Successor	Muhammad II Sulayman ibn al-Hakam
Born	966
Died	19 April 1013
Father	Al-Hakam II
Mother	Subh

Hisham II (Arabic: ھشام المؤيد بالله‎‎‎) (son of Al-Hakam II and Subh of Cordoba) was the third Umayyad Caliph of Spain, in Al-Andalus from 976–1009, and 1010–13.

In 976, at the age of 11, Hisham II succeeded his father Al-Hakam II as Caliph of Cordoba. Hisham II was a minor at the time of his accession and therefore was unfit to rule. In order to benefit the Caliphate, his mother Subh was aided by first minister Jafar al-Mushafi to act as regents with Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir (Almanzor) as her steward. In 978 Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir (Almanzor) manipulated his way into the position of royal chamberlain. In an attempt to position himself as a prospective ruler of the Caliphate, Almanzor and General Ghalib sabotaged the brother of Al-Hakam II who was set to succeed his brother and become the next Caliph of Cordoba. Too young to rule, Hisham II handed his political reigns of power over to Almanzor in 981 who became the de facto leader of the Caliphate until his death in 1002.Al-Mansur ibn Abi Amir perpetuated his position as the omnipotent ruler in charge of the empire while he exiled Hisham II and essentially kept him prisoner leaving him impotent for most of his reign as the third Caliph of Cordoba. With his countless successful campaigns against Christian powers in the Spanish North such as Barcelona in 985, León in 988, as well as a major strike on the church of St. James in the Galician city of Santiago de Compostela in 998,Almanzor is known for bringing the Caliphate of Córdoba to its apex of power in Islamic Iberian history.

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