Hirabayashi v. United States
| Hirabayashi vs. United States | |
|---|---|
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| Argued May 10–11, 1943 Decided June 21, 1943 |
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| Full case name | Gordon Kiyoshi Hirabayashi v. United States |
| Citations | 320 U.S. 81 (more)
63 S. Ct. 1375; 87 L. Ed. 1774; 1943 U.S. LEXIS 1109
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| Prior history | Certificate from the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit |
| Holding | |
| The Court held that the application of curfews against members of a minority group was constitutional when the nation was at war with the country from which that group originated. | |
| Court membership | |
| Case opinions | |
| Majority | Stone, joined by Roberts, Black, Reed, Frankfurter, Jackson |
| Concurrence | Douglas |
| Concurrence | Murphy |
| Concurrence | Rutledge |
| Laws applied | |
| United States Executive Order 9066; U.S. Const. | |
Hirabayashi v. United States, 320 U.S. 81 (1943), was a case in which the United States Supreme Court held that the application of curfews against members of a minority group were constitutional when the nation was at war with the country from which that group originated. The case arose out of the issuance of Executive Order 9066 following the December 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor and the U.S. entry into World War II. President Franklin Roosevelt had authorized military commanders to secure areas from which "any or all persons may be excluded", and Japanese Americans were subject to a curfew and other restrictions before being removed to internment camps. The plaintiff, Gordon Hirabayashi, was convicted of violating the curfew and had appealed to the Supreme Court. Yasui v. United States was a companion case decided the same day. Both convictions were overturned in coram nobis proceedings in the 1980s.
Following the bombing of Pearl Harbor, American public opinion initially stood by the large population of Japanese Americans living on the West Coast, or at least did not openly question their loyalty to the United States. Six weeks later, however, public opinion turned against Japanese Americans, as the press and other Americans became nervous about the potential for fifth column activity. Though the administration (including President Roosevelt and FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover) dismissed rumors of Japanese American espionage on behalf of the Japanese war effort, pressure mounted upon the administration as the tide of public opinion turned against Japanese Americans.
On February 19, 1942, Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066, authorizing Lieutenant General John DeWitt (as head of the Western Defense Command) to exclude certain persons from "military areas", regardless of their ancestry or country of citizenship. Over the course of several weeks, LTG DeWitt issued several public proclamations, which first imposed a curfew upon Japanese American citizens and resident "aliens" of Japanese descent. (The Issei, or first-generation immigrants, were prohibited from naturalized citizenship as members of an "unassimilable" race.) Later orders confined Japanese Americans to Military Area No. 1, which included Seattle, where Hirabayashi lived. On May 3, 1942, DeWitt issued an order requiring Japanese Americans in the Seattle area to report to assigned assembly points for "evacuation" to isolated inland camps. (At the time, the terms "relocation centers", "internment camps", and "concentration camps" were used interchangeably.)
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