Named for English town of Henley-on-Thames, the Town of Henley Beach was promoted in the South Australian Register in 1860 as being "free from all the noxious smells which have been cause of complaint elsewhere". The Register again advertised the township in 1874:

While admitted to be one of the finest in the colony, [it] has been somewhat neglected owing to the road not being made. The District Council and private enterprise, however, have overcome this...

Henley Beach lies between the suburbs of West Beach and Grange.

The 2006 Census by the Australian Bureau of Statistics counted 5,405 persons in Henley Beach on census night. Of these, 49.9% were male and 50.1% were female.

The majority of residents (73.6%) are of Australian birth, with a further 6.8% identifying England as their country of origin.

Henley Beach is part of Henley Ward in the City of Charles Sturt local government area, being represented in that council by Jim Fitzpatrick and Robert Randall. It was part of the Henley & Grange Council from 1915 until the merger with the City of Hindmarsh Woodville to create the City of Charles Sturt on 1 January 1997.

Henley Beach lies in the state electoral district of Colton and the federal electoral division of Hindmarsh. The suburb is represented in the South Australian House of Assembly by Paul Caica and federally by Steve Georganas.

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