German colonial empire
| German Colonial Empire | |||||
| Deutsches Kolonialreich | |||||
| Colonial empire | |||||
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 German colonies and protectorates in 1914
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| Capital | Berlin | ||||
| Languages | German
Local:
Oshiwambo, Bantu, Afrikaans, Swahili (East African colonies)
Tsingtao Chinese and Mandarin Chinese (Tsingtao and Kiautschou Bay) Papuan languages (German New Guinea) Samoan (German Samoa) |
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| Political structure | Colonial empire | ||||
| History | |||||
| • | Established | 1884 | |||
| • | Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty | 1890 | |||
| • | Herero Wars | 1904 | |||
| • | Disestablished | 1918 | |||
| • | Treaty of Versailles | 28 June 1919 | |||
| Area | |||||
| • | 1912 (not including Imperial Germany proper) | 2,658,161 km² (1,026,322 sq mi) | |||
The German colonial empire (German: Deutsches Kolonialreich) constituted the overseas colonies, dependencies and territories of the German Empire. Short-lived attempts of colonization by individual German states had occurred in preceding centuries, but crucial colonial efforts only began in 1884 with the Scramble for Africa. Germany lost control when World War I began in 1914 and its colonies were seized by its enemies in the first weeks of the war. However some military units held out for a while longer: German South-West Africa surrendered in 1915, Kamerun in 1916 and German East Africa only in 1918 by end of the war. Germany's colonial empire was officially confiscated with the Treaty of Versailles after Germany's defeat in the war and the various units became League of Nations mandates under the supervision (but not ownership) of one of the victorious powers.
Until their 1871 unification, the German states had not concentrated on the development of a navy, and this essentially had precluded German participation in earlier imperialist scrambles for remote colonial territory – the so-called "place in the sun". Germany seemed destined to play catch-up. The German states prior to 1870 had retained separate political structures and goals, and German foreign policy up to and including the age of Otto von Bismarck concentrated on resolving the "German question" in Europe and securing German interests on the continent.
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