Gallstone pancreatitis
| Pancreatitis | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| The pancreas and surrounding organs | |
| Specialty | Gastroenterology, general surgery |
| Symptoms | Pain in the upper abdomen, nausea, vomiting, fever, fatty stool |
| Complications | Infection, bleeding, diabetes mellitus |
| Duration | Short or long term |
| Causes | Gallstones, heavy alcohol use, direct trauma, certain medications, mumps |
| Risk factors | Smoking |
| Diagnostic method | Blood amylase or lipase |
| Treatment | Intravenous fluids, pain medication, antibiotics |
| Frequency | 8.9 million (2015) |
| Deaths | 132,700 (2015) |
| Classification | |
|---|---|
| External resources |
Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas. The pancreas is a large organ behind the stomach that produces digestive enzymes. There are two main types, acute pancreatitis and chronic pancreatitis. Signs and symptoms of pancreatitis include pain in the upper abdomen, nausea and vomiting. The pain often goes into the back and is usually severe. In acute pancreatitis a fever may occur and symptoms typically resolve in a few days. In chronic pancreatitis weight loss, fatty stool, and diarrhea may occur. Complications may include infection, bleeding, diabetes mellitus, or problems with other organs.
The most common causes of acute pancreatitis are gallstones and heavy alcohol use. Other causes include direct trauma, certain medications, infections such as mumps, and tumors among others. Chronic pancreatitis may develop as a result of acute pancreatitis. It is most commonly due to many years of heavy alcohol use. Other causes include high levels of blood fats, high blood calcium, some medications, and certain genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis among others. Smoking increases the risk of both acute and chronic pancreatitis. Diagnosis of acute pancreatitis is based on a threefold increase in the blood of either amylase or lipase. In chronic pancreatitis these tests may be normal. Medical imaging such as ultrasound and CT scan may also be useful.
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