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Folate synthesis

Folic acid
Skeletal formula
Folic acid as a yellow-orange crystalline powder
Clinical data
Pronunciation foe' lik
AHFS/Drugs.com Monograph
MedlinePlus a682591
Pregnancy
category
  • US: A (No risk in human studies)
Routes of
administration
By mouth, IM, IV, sub-Q
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability 50–100%
Metabolism Liver
Excretion Urine
Identifiers
Synonyms N-(4-{[(2-amino-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl]amino}benzoyl)-L-glutamic acid, pteroyl-L-glutamic acid, vitamin B9, vitamin Bc, vitamin M, folacin, pteroyl-L-glutamate
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ECHA InfoCard 100.000.381
Chemical and physical data
Formula C19H19N7O6
Molar mass 441.40 g·mol−1
3D model (Jmol)
Melting point 250 °C (482 °F) (decomposition)
Solubility in water 1.6 mg/L (25 °C) mg/mL (20 °C)

Folic acid, another form of which is known as folate, is one of the B vitamins. It is used as a supplement by women to prevent neural tube defects (NTDs) developing during pregnancy. It is also used to treat anemia caused by folic acid deficiency. More than 50 countries require fortification of certain foods with folic acid as a measure to decrease the rate of NTDs in the population. The recommended daily intake level of folate is 400 micrograms from foods or dietary supplements. Long term supplementation is also associated with small reductions in the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease. It may be taken by mouth or by injection.

There are no common side effects. It is not known whether high doses over a long period of time are of concern. There are concerns that large amounts of folic acid might hide vitamin B12 deficiency. Folate is essential for the body to make DNA, RNA, and metabolise amino acids which are required for cell division. As humans cannot make folic acid, it is required from the diet, making it an essential vitamin.

Not enough folate can lead to folate deficiency. This may result in a type of anemia in which low numbers of large red blood cells occur. Symptoms may include feeling tired, heart palpitations, shortness of breath, open sores on the tongue, and changes in the color of the skin or hair. Low levels in early pregnancy are believed to be the cause more than half of cases of neural tube defects in babies. Deficiency in children may develop within a month of poor dietary intake. In adults normal total body folate is between 10,000–30,000 micrograms (µg) with blood levels of greater than 7 nmol/L (3 ng/mL).


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