Flying-fox
| Flying fox Temporal range: Holocene |
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|---|---|
| A large flying fox (Pteropus vampyrus) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Chiroptera |
| Suborder: | Megachiroptera |
| Family: | Pteropodidae |
| Genus: |
Pteropus Brisson, 1762 |
| Species | |
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See Text |
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See Text
Bats of the genus Pteropus, belonging to the megabat suborder, Megachiroptera, are the largest bats in the world. They are commonly known as fruit bats or flying foxes, among other colloquial names. They live in the tropics and subtropics of Asia (including the Indian subcontinent), Australia, East Africa, and a number of remote oceanic islands in both the Indian and Pacific Oceans. At least 60 extant species are in this genus.
The oldest ancestors of the genus Pteropus to be unearthed appear in the fossil record almost exactly as they are today, the only notable differences being early flight adaptations such as a tail for stabilizing. The oldest megachiropteran is dated about 35 million years ago, but the preceding gap in the fossil record makes their true lineage unknown. Recent genetic studies, however, have supported the argument that Old World bats, such as Pteropus, share lineage with New World bats (those found in the Americas).
Characteristically, all species of flying foxes feed mainly or only on nectar, blossoms, pollen, and fruit. A few species may on occasion take insects, located visually by the flying fox. Unlike other bats, they do not possess echolocation, a feature which helps the other suborder of bats, the microbats, locate and catch prey such as insects in midair. Instead, smell and eyesight are very well-developed in flying foxes. Feeding ranges can reach up to 40 miles (60 km). When it locates food, the flying fox "crashes" into foliage and grabs for it. It may also attempt to catch hold of a branch with its hind feet, then swing upside down; once attached and hanging, the fox draws food to its mouth with one of its hind feet or with the clawed thumbs at the top of its wings.
Over half of the species are threatened today with extinction, and in particular in the Pacific, a number of species have died out as a result of hunting, deforestation, and predation by invasive species. In the Marianas, flying fox meat is considered a delicacy, which led to a large commercial trade. Human consumption in Guam of the meat of flying foxes that feed on cycads is hypothesized to have led to an increase of the Lytico-bodig disease human neurodegenerative illness due to the presence of the neurotoxin BMAA. All species of Pteropus are placed on Appendix II of CITES and ten on Appendix I, which restricts international trade. The subspecies P. hypomelanus maris of the Maldives is considered endangered due to limited distribution and excessive culling. The commerce in fruit bats continues either illegally or because of inadequate restrictions. Local farmers may also attack the bats because they feed in their plantations, and in some cultures, their meat is believed to cure asthma. Nonhuman predators include birds of prey, snakes, and other mammals. In Mauritius, mango farmers have pressured the government into periodically culling the island's flying fox population.
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